Mixed Deck — All CPCE Topics Flashcards

A counselor notices that clients who voluntarily enroll in her stress management group report lower stress at follow-up, but she cannot determine if the improvement is due to the intervention or to the type of person who chooses to enroll. This confound is called:

Answer: Selection bias

Selection bias occurs when the characteristics of people who self-select into a program differ systematically from those who do not, making it impossible to isolate the program's effect.

A counselor is required by law to release a minor client's assessment records to the child's parent. This situation illustrates a conflict between:

Answer: Confidentiality and legal mandates

Legal requirements for disclosure can conflict with the counselor's ethical duty to protect client confidentiality, including assessment data.

A counselor using the Adlerian technique of 'acting as if' would ask the client to:

Answer: Behave as if they were already the person they want to become

'Acting as if' encourages clients to try out new behaviors and attitudes by pretending they already possess the qualities they desire.

The 'happenstance' component of Krumboltz's revised theory suggests that counselors should help clients:

Answer: Recognize and capitalize on unplanned events as career opportunities

Planned Happenstance Theory encourages curiosity, persistence, and openness so clients can transform chance events into career opportunities.

The concept of 'fidelity' as an ethical principle in counseling means:

Answer: Honoring commitments and being trustworthy in the therapeutic relationship

Fidelity refers to honoring promises, being trustworthy, and maintaining loyalty to ethical obligations in the counselor-client relationship.

Privilege in counseling refers to:

Answer: The client's legal right to prevent a counselor from disclosing confidential information in legal proceedings

Privilege is a legal concept that belongs to the client, protecting their confidential communications from compelled disclosure in court.

A counselor is presented with a complex situation that may constitute an ethical dilemma. According to most widely-used ethical decision-making models, what is the counselor's most appropriate first step?

Answer: Clearly identify the problem and its parameters.

Virtually all ethical decision-making models (e.g., Forester-Miller & Davis; Welfel) begin with the crucial step of identifying and defining the problem. Before a counselor can consult, review codes, or document, they must first gather information and clearly articulate the nature of the potential dilemma, who is involved, and what the core conflicts are. The other steps are all essential parts of the process but follow this initial identification.

A counselor uses a career interest inventory to predict job satisfaction five years later. This is an example of assessing:

Answer: Predictive validity

Predictive validity examines how well a test score forecasts a future criterion, such as job satisfaction measured years later.

Which theorist introduced the concept of the 'collective unconscious' and archetypes relevant to counseling?

Answer: Carl Jung

Carl Jung proposed the collective unconscious as a shared reservoir of human experience expressed through universal archetypes.

A counselor asks a client, "Suppose that one night, while you were asleep, a miracle happened and the problem that brought you here was solved. What would be the first things you would notice that would tell you things were different?" This intervention is a hallmark of which therapeutic approach?

Answer: Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

This is the "miracle question," a key technique in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) developed by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg. [2, 13] It is designed to help clients bypass problem-talk and begin to envision a future where the problem does not exist, which helps in generating clear, concrete, and positive goals. [8, 20]

In the field of counseling, one of the more recent noticeable trends is related to

Answer: disaster mental health counseling

Disaster mental health counseling has emerged as a significant and growing trend in the counseling field due to an increased awareness of the widespread psychological impact of natural disasters, mass violence, and other traumatic events. This specialization focuses on providing immediate and long-term mental health support to individuals and communities affected by such crises. The other options represent more established or foundational aspects of the profession rather than recent, noticeable trends in specialization.

A school counselor uses the MEASURE model for program evaluation. The 'E' in MEASURE stands for:

Answer: Evaluate

In the MEASURE model (Mission, Elements, Analyze, Stakeholders, Unite, Reanalyze/Evaluate), the 'E' stands for Evaluate, referring to assessing the school counseling program's impact.

In Gestalt group therapy, the 'empty chair' technique is primarily used to:

Answer: Help a member dialogue with an internalized figure or unresolved situation

The empty chair facilitates dialogue with internalized aspects of self or significant others to resolve unfinished emotional business.

In solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), the 'miracle question' is primarily used to:

Answer: Help clients envision a preferred future without the problem and identify existing strengths

The miracle question asks clients to imagine a future where their problem is resolved, helping them identify goals and resources they already possess.

Which eating disorder is characterized by recurrent binge eating WITHOUT compensatory purging behaviors?

Answer: Binge Eating Disorder

Binge Eating Disorder involves recurrent binge eating episodes without the compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging, excessive exercise) seen in Bulimia Nervosa.

Holland's RIASEC model categorizes work environments and personality types. Which type is associated with working with data, detail-oriented tasks, and following established procedures?

Answer: Conventional

The Conventional type in Holland's model prefers structured, orderly, data-oriented tasks and clear rules or expectations.

Kübler-Ross identified five stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance). Contemporary grief researchers emphasize that these stages:

Answer: Represent common experiences but are not linear or universal for all grievers

Modern grief research indicates that Kübler-Ross's stages are not prescriptive or universal; people grieve in highly individual, non-linear ways.

The Tarasoff case established that counselors have a duty to:

Answer: Warn identifiable third parties of credible threats made by clients

The Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California ruling established the 'duty to protect' identifiable potential victims from serious threats.

A counselor who maintains professional liability insurance is protecting against claims of:

Answer: Malpractice or negligence in professional practice

Professional liability (malpractice) insurance protects counselors against civil lawsuits alleging harm caused by negligent professional conduct.

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's moral development theory primarily because:

Answer: It was based on male samples and undervalued care-based reasoning

Gilligan argued that Kohlberg's theory was androcentric and that women tend to reason morally through an ethic of care rather than abstract justice.