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Clinical Pharmacy & OTC Flashcards

6 cards from real PSI practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. Which drug is used as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes in patients with established cardiovascular disease due to its CV protective effects?

    Answer: Empagliflozin (SGLT-2 inhibitor)

    SGLT-2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin) have demonstrated reduced cardiovascular mortality in large outcome trials (EMPA-REG, DECLARE) and are now guideline-recommended in type 2 diabetes with established CVD.

  2. What is the recommended action if a patient presents requesting a supply of naloxone for take-home use?

    Answer: Dispense and counsel on administration — naloxone is available without prescription in Ireland for at-risk individuals

    Take-home naloxone is available in Irish community pharmacies without a prescription to at-risk individuals and those around them. Counselling on IM/intranasal administration and calling emergency services is essential.

  3. The ABCDE approach in responding to a medical emergency in a pharmacy stands for:

    Answer: Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure

    The ABCDE framework is a systematic approach to medical emergencies: Airway (patent?), Breathing (rate, effort), Circulation (pulse, BP), Disability (consciousness, glucose), Exposure (full assessment). Used in BLS and advanced life support.

  4. Which diabetes complication is specifically associated with long-term hyperglycaemia affecting the kidneys?

    Answer: Diabetic nephropathy

    Diabetic nephropathy results from chronic hyperglycaemia damaging glomerular capillaries, leading to microalbuminuria, proteinuria and progressive renal failure. ACE inhibitors are renoprotective.

  5. A patient asks about the best time to take their alendronate tablet. The pharmacist should advise:

    Answer: First thing in the morning, on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, remaining upright for 30 minutes

    Bisphosphonates have very poor oral bioavailability and are inactivated by food. They must be taken 30+ minutes before eating, with plain water only, and the patient must remain upright to prevent oesophageal irritation.

  6. Which sign in an elderly patient suggests a potentially serious adverse drug reaction requiring urgent review?

    Answer: Sudden unexplained fall, confusion or bleeding — especially in those on anticoagulants, diuretics or antihypertensives

    Falls with possible head injury (anticoagulant risk), acute confusion (drug-induced delirium), and unexplained bleeding in those on anticoagulants are red flag ADRs requiring urgent medical assessment in older patients.