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Neurology Flashcards

7 cards from real PANRE practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

Read the first 7 Neurology flashcards as text

  1. A 45-year-old with HIV presents with focal seizures and a ring-enhancing lesion on MRI. The most likely diagnosis is:

    Answer: Toxoplasma encephalitis

    In HIV-positive patients, a ring-enhancing brain lesion most commonly represents Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, especially when CD4 count is below 100 cells/µL.

  2. Which feature best differentiates migraine with aura from a TIA?

    Answer: Positive phenomena that march across the visual field

    Migraine aura features positive phenomena (e.g., scintillating scotoma that spreads) and evolves slowly over minutes, while TIA causes negative, abrupt deficits.

  3. A patient with myasthenia gravis undergoes elective surgery. Which medication should be avoided perioperatively due to risk of cholinergic crisis if combined with pyridostigmine?

    Answer: Succinylcholine

    Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker metabolized by acetylcholinesterase; pyridostigmine inhibits this enzyme, leading to prolonged paralysis or crisis.

  4. A 30-year-old presents with bilateral leg weakness, ascending numbness, and loss of deep tendon reflexes following a GI infection 2 weeks ago. CSF shows elevated protein with normal cell count. Diagnosis?

    Answer: Guillain-Barré syndrome

    Guillain-Barré syndrome is a post-infectious ascending demyelinating polyneuropathy characterized by albuminocytologic dissociation (high protein, normal cells) in the CSF.

  5. Which antiepileptic drug is contraindicated in pregnancy due to highest risk of neural tube defects?

    Answer: Valproate

    Valproate inhibits folate metabolism and is associated with a 1–2% risk of neural tube defects and multiple other congenital abnormalities, making it contraindicated in pregnancy when possible.

  6. A patient has diplopia that worsens with upward gaze and a 'down and out' pupil-involving third nerve palsy. The most urgent concern is:

    Answer: Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

    A pupil-involving CN III palsy is a neurosurgical emergency caused by compression of the third nerve — most commonly by a posterior communicating artery aneurysm.

  7. Which dementia is most associated with fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism?

    Answer: Lewy body dementia

    Dementia with Lewy bodies presents with fluctuating cognition, well-formed visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism and is associated with sensitivity to antipsychotics.