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- National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Examination Lifespan Development in Counseling Flashcards

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  1. A 16-year-old client tells a counselor, 'I keep changing my mind about who I am and what I believe.' According to Erikson, this is most consistent with which developmental conflict?

    Answer: Identity vs. Role Confusion

    Erikson's stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs during adolescence and involves exploring and committing to a sense of self.

  2. Which theorist proposed that moral development progresses through preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels?

    Answer: Lawrence Kohlberg

    Lawrence Kohlberg described moral development across three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

  3. A 70-year-old client reflects with satisfaction on a life well-lived and expresses little fear of death. Erikson would describe this as successful resolution of which stage?

    Answer: Integrity vs. Despair

    Ego Integrity vs. Despair is Erikson's final stage, in which older adults achieve acceptance of their life and death.

  4. A counselor notices a 4-year-old engages in play alongside but not with other children. This is best described as which type of play?

    Answer: Parallel play

    Parallel play involves children playing near each other but independently, which is developmentally typical for preschool-age children.

  5. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the relationship between a child's school and family best represents which system?

    Answer: Mesosystem

    The mesosystem encompasses interactions between two or more settings that directly involve the developing person, such as school and family.

  6. A client in her 30s describes feeling disconnected from close relationships and fears vulnerability. According to Erikson, unresolved conflict from which stage is most implicated?

    Answer: Intimacy vs. Isolation

    Intimacy vs. Isolation is the young adult stage focused on forming deep, committed relationships; failure results in isolation.

  7. A school counselor observes that a 9-year-old can mentally reverse operations and understands conservation. According to Piaget, this child is in which stage?

    Answer: Concrete Operational

    The Concrete Operational stage (ages 7–11) is marked by logical thinking about concrete objects, including reversibility and conservation.