Applied Science and Anatomy Flashcards

Which directional term means 'closer to the point of attachment' of a limb?

Answer: Proximal

Proximal refers to a position closer to the origin or point of attachment, such as the knee being proximal to the ankle.

What is the primary function of red bone marrow?

Answer: Produce blood cells (hematopoiesis)

Red bone marrow is the site of hematopoiesis, producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hypertonia in a muscle most accurately refers to which condition?

Answer: Abnormally increased muscle tone or tension

Hypertonia describes a state of excessive muscle tension or stiffness, often resulting from upper motor neuron lesions or chronic protective guarding.

Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured and may have its blood supply disrupted, leading to avascular necrosis?

Answer: Scaphoid

The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone and is prone to avascular necrosis because its blood supply enters distally.

Which muscle is the primary hip flexor and originates from the lumbar vertebrae?

Answer: Psoas major

The psoas major originates from the bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae L1–L5 and is the strongest hip flexor.

What is the term for the fibrous sac that encloses the heart and anchors it within the thoracic cavity?

Answer: Pericardium

The pericardium is a double-walled fibroserous sac surrounding the heart that protects it, anchors it, and reduces friction during beating.

Which of the following best describes a first-class lever system as it applies to the human body?

Answer: The fulcrum is between the effort and the load

In a first-class lever, the fulcrum lies between the effort and the load, as seen when the atlas (C1) acts as the fulcrum for head nodding.