Human Growth & Development Flashcards

According to Vygotsky, the 'zone of proximal development' (ZPD) refers to:

Answer: Tasks a child can complete only with guidance from a more capable other

The ZPD is the range of tasks a learner cannot yet do alone but can accomplish with scaffolding from a more skilled person.

Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral development is characterized by:

Answer: Reasoning based on universal ethical principles

Postconventional morality involves abstract principles of justice and human rights that may transcend societal laws.

Which theorist proposed that adolescents must resolve the crisis of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?

Answer: Erik Erikson

Erikson's fifth psychosocial stage places identity formation as the central developmental task of adolescence.

Bronfenbrenner's microsystem includes:

Answer: Direct environments such as family, school, and peers

The microsystem is the innermost layer of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, encompassing settings where the child has direct, face-to-face interactions.

A 14-month-old who uses 'mama' to mean any female caregiver is demonstrating:

Answer: Overextension

Overextension occurs when a child applies a word too broadly to categories beyond its conventional meaning.

In Piaget's concrete operational stage, conservation refers to the understanding that:

Answer: Quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance

Conservation is the grasp that properties like volume or number do not change when only the perceptual form changes.

The Strange Situation procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth primarily assesses:

Answer: Infant attachment patterns with a caregiver

The Strange Situation categorizes infants as securely attached, anxious-avoidant, anxious-resistant, or disorganized based on reunion behavior.