Maritime Environmental Law and Pollution Flashcards
7 cards from real Maritime Law practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Maritime Environmental Law and Pollution flashcards as text
The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC) applies primarily to:
Answer: Tankers carrying persistent oil as cargo in bulk
The Civil Liability Convention applies specifically to ships carrying persistent oil in bulk as cargo — i.e., tankers — not to all commercial vessels.
Under OPA 90, who has the legal authority to bring natural resource damage (NRD) claims?
Answer: Designated federal, state, and tribal trustees acting on behalf of the public
Natural resource damage claims under OPA 90 can only be brought by designated federal, state, and tribal trustees who represent the public interest in injured natural resources.
Under OPA 90, a responsible party may be completely relieved of liability if the spill was caused solely by:
Answer: An act of God, an act of war, or the act or omission of an unrelated third party
OPA 90 provides complete defenses to liability only where the discharge was caused solely by an act of God, an act of war, or the act or omission of a third party with no contractual relationship to the responsible party.
The IMO Ballast Water Management Convention primarily aims to prevent:
Answer: Introduction of invasive aquatic species into new marine environments
The BWM Convention requires ships to manage their ballast water to prevent the transfer of potentially invasive aquatic organisms from one marine region to another when ballast water is discharged.
The IMO Ballast Water Management Convention entered into force in which year?
Answer: 2017
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments was adopted in 2004 but did not enter into force until September 8, 2017, after gaining sufficient ratifications.
MARPOL Annex IV specifically regulates:
Answer: Sewage discharge from ships
MARPOL Annex IV regulates the discharge of sewage from ships, establishing treatment standards and minimum distance requirements from the nearest land.
Under OPA 90, what is the general statute of limitations for claims for removal costs and damages?
Answer: 3 years from the date of discovery of the loss
OPA 90 establishes a 3-year statute of limitations for claims for removal costs and damages, running from the date the claimant knew or should have known of the loss.