Gaokao Biology: Cell Biology and Metabolism Flashcards
7 cards from real GAOKAO practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 7 Gaokao Biology: Cell Biology and Metabolism flashcards as text
Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP through aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?
Answer: Mitochondria
Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, producing the majority of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane.
During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which molecule acts as the primary electron donor?
Answer: Water (H₂O)
Water is split by photolysis in Photosystem II, donating electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll and releasing O₂ as a byproduct.
The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane describes the membrane as composed primarily of:
Answer: A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a dynamic phospholipid bilayer in which proteins float and move laterally.
An enzyme-catalyzed reaction proceeds 1000 times faster than the uncatalyzed reaction. The enzyme achieves this by:
Answer: Providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy
Enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilizing the transition state, allowing more substrate molecules to reach the transition state at a given temperature.
In which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
Answer: Anaphase
During anaphase, cohesin proteins are cleaved, allowing sister chromatids to separate and be pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers.
Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is CORRECT?
Answer: Glycolysis converts one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm converts glucose (6C) into two pyruvate molecules (3C each), with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
The sodium-potassium pump (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) maintains the resting membrane potential by:
Answer: Moving 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ into the cell per cycle using ATP
The pump actively transports 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in per ATP hydrolyzed, creating the electrochemical gradient essential for nerve and muscle function.