Child Growth and Development Flashcards

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary conflict children ages 3–6 must resolve?

Answer: Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage (Initiative vs. Guilt) occurs during the preschool years when children begin to assert control and plan activities.

Which fine motor milestone is typically achieved by most children by age 5?

Answer: Cutting along a straight line with scissors

By age 5, most children have developed enough hand coordination to cut along a straight line with scissors.

What term describes the process by which children absorb cultural values and societal norms through family and peer interaction?

Answer: Socialization

Socialization is the process through which children learn and internalize the norms, values, and behaviors of their culture.

A 2-year-old insists on doing everything 'by myself.' Which developmental domain does this behavior best reflect?

Answer: Social-emotional development

This assertion of independence reflects the social-emotional milestone associated with Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage.

Which brain development principle explains why early childhood experiences have long-lasting effects on development?

Answer: Early experiences shape neural connections during sensitive periods

Sensitive periods in early childhood are times when the brain is especially responsive to experiences that shape neural pathways.

Parallel play, where children play alongside but not directly with each other, is most characteristic of which age group?

Answer: 18–24 months

Parallel play is typical of toddlers around 18–24 months who are aware of peers but not yet engaging in cooperative play.

Which theorist introduced the concept of 'scaffolding' to describe adult support of a child's learning?

Answer: Lev Vygotsky

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory introduced scaffolding as temporary support provided by a more knowledgeable other to help a child accomplish tasks within their ZPD.