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Biology: Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

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  1. During glycolysis, which molecule is the direct net product of substrate-level phosphorylation per glucose?

    Answer: 2 net ATP

    Glycolysis produces 4 ATP but consumes 2 in the investment phase, for a net of 2 ATP.

  2. Which enzyme catalyzes the committed, rate-limiting step of glycolysis?

    Answer: Phosphofructokinase-1

    PFK-1 catalyzes the irreversible, allosterically regulated committed step of glycolysis.

  3. Under anaerobic conditions in human muscle, pyruvate is converted to what to regenerate NAD+?

    Answer: Lactate

    Lactate dehydrogenase reduces pyruvate to lactate, oxidizing NADH back to NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

  4. Where does glycolysis occur within the eukaryotic cell?

    Answer: Cytoplasm

    Glycolysis takes place entirely in the cytosol, requiring no membrane-bound organelle.

  5. How many carbon atoms does each pyruvate molecule contain?

    Answer: 3

    Glucose (6 carbons) is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.

  6. Which coenzyme is reduced during the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase step?

    Answer: NAD+ to NADH

    This oxidation step transfers electrons to NAD+, forming NADH.

  7. An allosteric activator of PFK-1 that signals low cellular energy is:

    Answer: AMP

    High AMP indicates low energy charge and stimulates PFK-1 to increase ATP production.