Quantitative Research & Statistics Flashcards

Which sampling method involves dividing a population into subgroups and randomly selecting from each subgroup proportionally?

Answer: Stratified random sampling

Stratified random sampling divides the population into strata (subgroups) and draws random samples from each stratum, ensuring representation of all subgroups.

A Type II error in hypothesis testing occurs when a researcher:

Answer: Fails to reject a false null hypothesis

A Type II error (false negative) occurs when the null hypothesis is actually false but the researcher fails to reject it, missing a real effect.

In regression analysis, multicollinearity refers to:

Answer: High correlations among independent variables

Multicollinearity occurs when two or more independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated, making it difficult to isolate each variable's unique effect.

A z-score of -2.0 indicates that the observation is:

Answer: Two standard deviations below the mean

A z-score of -2.0 means the observation lies two standard deviations below the mean of its distribution.

Which statistical test is most appropriate to compare the means of three or more independent groups?

Answer: One-way ANOVA

One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is designed to compare means across three or more independent groups while controlling the overall Type I error rate.

A researcher reports that their finding is significant at p < 0.01. This means:

Answer: There is less than a 1% probability of obtaining these results if the null hypothesis were true

p < 0.01 means there is less than a 1% probability of observing results as extreme as these if the null hypothesis were actually true.

Content validity in a sociological survey instrument refers to:

Answer: The extent to which items adequately represent all facets of the concept being measured

Content validity assesses whether the items in a measure comprehensively cover the full domain of the theoretical concept being studied.