Research Design & Methodology Flashcards

Which research design is most appropriate when the researcher has no a priori hypotheses and wants to generate theory from data?

Answer: Grounded theory

Grounded theory is an inductive qualitative approach where theory emerges from systematic analysis of data rather than being tested a priori.

What is the purpose of counterbalancing in a within-subjects design?

Answer: To control for order effects by varying the sequence of conditions across participants

Counterbalancing systematically varies the order in which participants experience conditions to prevent order effects from confounding results.

A moderating variable is one that:

Answer: Changes the direction or strength of the relationship between two other variables

A moderator variable influences the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Which data collection method is most susceptible to interviewer bias?

Answer: Face-to-face personal interview

Face-to-face interviews introduce the greatest risk of interviewer bias because the interviewer's appearance, tone, and body language can influence respondents.

The margin of error in a probability sample is primarily determined by:

Answer: The sample size and confidence level

Margin of error is driven by the sample size (larger samples = smaller margin) and the chosen confidence level (e.g., 95%).

Triangulation in research refers to:

Answer: Using multiple methods, data sources, or investigators to validate findings

Triangulation improves credibility by cross-checking findings using different methods, data types, or analytical perspectives.

Which statement best describes 'external validity'?

Answer: The extent to which study findings can be generalized beyond the study's specific context

External validity concerns whether the results of a study can be applied to other people, settings, or time periods beyond the study itself.