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Data Collection & Analysis Flashcards

7 cards from real CRA practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. Which type of data visualization is most appropriate for displaying the distribution of a single continuous variable?

    Answer: Histogram

    A histogram displays the frequency distribution of a continuous variable by grouping data into bins, making it easy to see shape, spread, and skewness.

  2. In regression analysis, multicollinearity refers to:

    Answer: High correlations among predictor variables

    Multicollinearity occurs when two or more predictors are highly correlated, making it difficult to isolate the individual effect of each predictor on the outcome.

  3. Purposive sampling is defined as selecting participants based on:

    Answer: Specific characteristics relevant to the research question

    Purposive (or judgmental) sampling intentionally selects information-rich cases that best address the research question, common in qualitative and mixed-methods studies.

  4. A Type II error in hypothesis testing occurs when a researcher:

    Answer: Fails to reject a false null hypothesis

    A Type II (beta) error is a false negative — concluding no effect exists when one actually does, often due to insufficient statistical power.

  5. Which measure of variability is most resistant to the influence of extreme scores?

    Answer: Interquartile range

    The interquartile range (IQR) measures the spread of the middle 50% of data and is unaffected by outliers because it excludes the top and bottom 25% of values.

  6. Member checking in qualitative research involves:

    Answer: Sharing findings or interpretations with participants to verify accuracy

    Member checking enhances credibility by returning findings to participants to confirm that the researcher's interpretations accurately reflect their experiences and meanings.

  7. In survey design, a 'double-barreled' question is problematic because:

    Answer: It contains two separate issues, making it impossible to know which the answer addresses

    Double-barreled questions combine two distinct issues into one item, so a single response cannot validly capture the participant's view on both components.