CPR Study Guide 2026

For two-rescuer CPR on a child, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 15:2. This is different from the 30:2 ratio used for single-rescuer child CPR and all adult CPR. The 15:2 ratio provides more frequent ventilations, which is critical in pediatric arrests as they are often respiratory in origin.

The surgical cricothyrotomy incision is made through the cricothyroid membrane, which lies between the thyroid cartilage superiorly and the cricoid cartilage inferiorly.

The first and most crucial step in managing a suspected fractured bone is to immobilize the injury site. Applying a splint prevents movement of the broken bone fragments, which reduces pain, minimizes further tissue damage, and prevents potential complications like nerve or blood vessel injury. Proper immobilization is essential for safe transport and better healing outcomes.

For children, high-quality chest compressions should have a depth of at least one-third the anterior-posterior (AP) diameter of the chest, which is approximately 2 inches (5 cm). This ensures adequate circulation without causing injury.

The primary goal of trauma management in the pre-hospital setting is to rapidly stabilize the patient's life-threatening conditions and control any active bleeding. This involves addressing the ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation), preventing hypovolemic shock, and immobilizing injuries. These critical interventions aim to maintain vital organ function and prepare the patient for safe and swift transport to definitive surgical care.

When a patient is in respiratory distress, their body is not receiving adequate oxygen, which can quickly become life-threatening. The paramedic's immediate actions include administering supplemental oxygen to improve oxygenation and, if necessary, assisting with ventilations using a bag-valve mask. These interventions aim to support the patient's breathing and prevent respiratory failure until the underlying cause can be addressed.