CLT Philosophy and Worldview 4

Question 1

René Descartes' 'cogito ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am') serves as?

Accepted Answer

An indubitable foundation for all certain knowledge

Answer

A proof of God's existence from first principles

Answer

An argument that the physical world is an illusion

Answer

A refutation of Aristotelian logic

Question 2

A valid syllogism in classical logic requires that?

Accepted Answer

The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises if they are true

Answer

Both premises must be empirically verified by observation

Answer

The argument must persuade the audience of its truth

Answer

The premises and conclusion must all concern the same subject

Question 3

John Locke's concept of the mind as a 'tabula rasa' (blank slate) opposes which position?

Accepted Answer

Rationalism's claim that humans possess innate ideas

Answer

Empiricism

Answer

Skepticism about the reliability of sense experience

Answer

Materialism's account of the mind-body relationship

Question 4

Kant's categorical imperative in its first formulation instructs us to?

Accepted Answer

Act only according to maxims you could consistently will to be universal laws

Answer

Act so as to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people

Answer

Act in accordance with your duties as determined by divine command

Answer

Act as your virtuous character naturally disposes you to act

Question 5

The correspondence theory of truth holds that a statement is true if and only if?

Accepted Answer

It corresponds to an actual state of affairs in reality

Answer

It is believed by a community of rational inquirers

Answer

It coheres with all other statements in a belief system

Answer

It proves useful for practical action and problem-solving

Question 6

Which principle, fundamental to classical logic, states that a proposition cannot be both true and false at the same time and in the same respect?

Accepted Answer

The law of non-contradiction

Answer

The law of identity

Answer

The law of excluded middle

Answer

The principle of sufficient reason

Question 7

What distinguishes deductive reasoning from inductive reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Deductive reasoning guarantees the conclusion if the premises are true; inductive reasoning only makes the conclusion probable

Answer

Deductive reasoning moves from specific cases to a general rule; inductive reasoning applies a general rule to specific cases

Answer

Deductive reasoning relies on sense experience; inductive reasoning relies on innate ideas

Answer

Deductive reasoning is used in science; inductive reasoning is used in mathematics