Food Science Fundamentals Flashcards

What is the role of carbohydrates in food?

Answer: To provide energy

Carbohydrates are the body's primary and most readily available source of energy. When consumed, they are broken down into glucose, which cells use for fuel to power all bodily functions, from basic metabolism to physical activity. This makes them a fundamental macronutrient essential for daily life.

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

Answer: Essential amino acids must be obtained from food

Essential amino acids are those that the human body cannot synthesize on its own and therefore must be acquired through dietary intake. In contrast, non-essential amino acids can be produced by the body from other compounds. Both types are crucial building blocks for proteins, which perform numerous vital functions in the body.

Why is water an essential component of food science?

Answer: It is essential for cooking, digestion, and nutrient transport

Water is a fundamental solvent and reactant in food science and biology. In food, it's vital for cooking processes and texture, influencing how ingredients interact. Within the body, water facilitates digestion by breaking down food, transports nutrients to cells, and helps remove waste products, making it indispensable for life.

What is the role of vitamins in food?

Answer: To regulate bodily functions

Vitamins are organic compounds required in small quantities for various metabolic processes and overall health. They act as coenzymes or cofactors, helping enzymes perform their functions, which include regulating growth, immunity, energy production, and nerve function. Unlike macronutrients, they do not provide energy directly but are vital for bodily regulation.

What is food fortification?

Answer: Adding nutrients to improve food's nutritional value

Food fortification is the practice of deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, in a food. This process aims to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and address specific public health nutritional deficiencies within a population. It helps enhance the overall health benefits of commonly consumed foods.

What is the primary role of dietary fiber in the body?

Answer: It helps with digestion and lowers cholesterol

Dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest. It adds bulk to stool, promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation, thus aiding digestion. Soluble fiber, in particular, can bind to cholesterol in the digestive tract, helping to lower blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.

How does the body store excess nutrients from food?

Answer: Excess nutrients are stored as glycogen or fat

When the body consumes more energy (calories) than it needs, it stores the excess for future use. Carbohydrates are primarily stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, while excess fats and carbohydrates can be converted and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue (fat). This mechanism ensures energy reserves are available during periods of fasting or increased demand.

What is the role of antioxidants in food?

Answer: To neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage

Antioxidants are compounds that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced during normal metabolic processes or from environmental factors. By neutralizing these free radicals, antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress, which is linked to various chronic diseases and aging. They play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health.

What is the significance of food processing in food science?

Answer: It makes food safer, convenient, and longer-lasting

Food processing involves various techniques to transform raw ingredients into food products. These processes, such as pasteurization, canning, or freezing, are vital for destroying harmful microorganisms, extending shelf life, and making food more convenient for consumption. This ensures food safety and accessibility for consumers.