CET Hemodynamic Assessment & Measurements Flashcards
6 cards from real CET practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 6 CET Hemodynamic Assessment & Measurements flashcards as text
Using the simplified Bernoulli equation, what is the pressure gradient across a valve if the peak velocity is 4 m/s?
Answer: 64 mmHg
The simplified Bernoulli equation is ΔP = 4V², so ΔP = 4 × (4)² = 4 × 16 = 64 mmHg.
Which Doppler method is the standard for estimating pulmonary artery systolic pressure non-invasively?
Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity plus estimated right atrial pressure
PASP = 4(TRV)² + estimated RAP; the peak TR velocity is squared and multiplied by 4 (Bernoulli) and added to estimated right atrial pressure.
What does a stroke volume (SV) calculation using the LVOT method require?
Answer: LVOT diameter and LVOT velocity-time integral (VTI)
Stroke volume via LVOT = CSA × VTI, where CSA = π(D/2)² derived from the LVOT diameter, and VTI is traced from pulsed-wave Doppler at the LVOT.
Which tissue Doppler parameter is most commonly used to estimate left ventricular filling pressures non-invasively?
Answer: E/e' ratio (mitral E velocity divided by tissue Doppler e' velocity)
The E/e' ratio correlates with mean left atrial pressure; E/e' >14 using the average of septal and lateral e' suggests elevated LV filling pressures.
What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by echocardiography?
Answer: 52–72%
Normal LVEF is ≥52% in men and ≥54% in women per current ASE/EACVI guidelines, with 52–72% representing the normal range.
The continuity equation is used to calculate which cardiac measurement?
Answer: Aortic valve area (AVA)
The continuity equation (AVA = LVOT CSA × LVOT VTI / AV VTI) calculates aortic valve area based on conservation of flow across the LVOT and aortic valve.