Command of Evidence (Quantitative) Flashcards

Many urban planners advocate for mixed-use zoning—which permits a combination of residential, commercial, and industrial properties in the same area—as a way to reduce reliance on cars. The theory is that with amenities close to home, people will choose to walk instead of drive. A recent study of the city of Greenville's neighborhoods seems to support this conclusion, showing a strong correlation between the prevalence of mixed-use zoning and lower rates of car commuting. **Commuting Methods in Greenville Neighborhoods** | Neighborhood | Zoning Type | % Commuting by Car | % Commuting by Walking/Bike | |---|---|---|---| | Downtown | Mixed-Use | 35% | 50% | | North Park | Mixed-Use | 55% | 35% | | West End | Residential | 85% | 10% | | South Hills | Residential | 92% | 5% | Which choice best uses data from the table to support the researchers' conclusion?

Answer: The percentage of residents commuting by car in the residential South Hills neighborhood (92%) is more than double the percentage in the mixed-use Downtown neighborhood (35%).

This choice directly compares a mixed-use neighborhood (Downtown) with a residential one (South Hills), using specific data points that show a much lower percentage of car commuting in the mixed-use area. This provides the strongest evidence for the claim.

A common belief is that renewable energy sources are prohibitively expensive compared to traditional fossil fuels. However, recent data on the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)—the average lifetime cost per megawatt-hour of electricity generation—challenges this notion. In fact, for new power plants, some renewable sources have become the most cost-effective options available, even without subsidies. **Average Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for New Power Plants in the US ($/MWh)** (A bar chart shows the following values) - Solar (Utility-Scale): $35 - Wind (Onshore): $40 - Natural Gas: $60 - Coal: $110 Which choice best uses data from the chart to support the author's argument?

Answer: The average LCOE for new utility-scale solar plants ($35/MWh) and onshore wind plants ($40/MWh) is significantly lower than that of new natural gas ($60/MWh) and coal ($110/MWh) plants.

This option directly supports the author's claim that some renewables are now more cost-effective than fossil fuels. It compares the LCOE of solar and wind to that of natural gas and coal, using specific figures from the chart to show the cost advantage.

The global shift towards digital payments has accelerated in recent years, but the adoption rate varies significantly by country. In some nations, cash is still king, while in others, physical currency is becoming increasingly rare. A survey of payment methods used in four countries highlights this divergence, with some showing a clear preference for digital wallets over traditional cash transactions. **Preferred Payment Method, 2023** (A table shows the following percentages) | Country | Cash | Credit/Debit Card | Digital Wallet | |---|---|---|---| | Sweden | 5% | 55% | 40% | | Germany | 50% | 40% | 10% | | Japan | 40% | 50% | 10% | | China | 10% | 15% | 75% | Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to illustrate the global divergence in payment methods?

Answer: The preference for digital wallets is highest in China, at 75%, while in Germany, cash remains the most popular method at 50%.

This choice effectively illustrates the divergence by contrasting two countries at opposite ends of the spectrum. It uses specific data to show China's overwhelming preference for digital wallets and Germany's continued reliance on cash, strongly supporting the text's claim.

The field of exoplanet discovery has grown exponentially since the first confirmed detection in the 1990s. Different detection methods have contributed to this boom, but one has been particularly dominant. The transit method, which detects a planet by the dimming of a star's light as the planet passes in front of it, has been responsible for the vast majority of discoveries, largely thanks to missions like the Kepler Space Telescope. **Exoplanets Discovered by Detection Method (as of 2023)** (A pie chart shows the following percentages) - Transit: 76% - Radial Velocity: 19% - Direct Imaging: 2% - Microlensing: 2% - Other: 1% Which finding from the chart best supports the claim made in the text?

Answer: The transit method is responsible for 76% of all confirmed exoplanet discoveries, far surpassing any other technique.

This option directly supports the text's claim that the transit method is the 'particularly dominant' method. It uses the specific percentage from the chart to show that this single method accounts for more than three-quarters of all discoveries, providing strong quantitative evidence.

While print media has faced significant challenges in the digital age, the market for books has shown surprising resilience, particularly in the fiction category. Despite the rise of e-books and audiobooks, many readers still prefer the tangible experience of a physical book. Recent sales data indicates that not only is print holding its own, but it continues to be the dominant format for book consumption. **Book Sales in the US by Format (Fiction, 2022)** (A bar chart shows the following values) - Hardcover: $3.2 billion - Paperback: $3.8 billion - E-book: $2.1 billion - Audiobook: $1.5 billion Which choice best uses data from the chart to support the author's claim about the book market?

Answer: Combined sales of print formats (hardcover and paperback) totaled $7.0 billion, more than double the combined sales of e-books and audiobooks.

This option provides the strongest support for the author's claim that print is the 'dominant format.' By combining the sales figures for hardcover and paperback, it shows that physical books ($7.0 billion) generated far more revenue than digital formats like e-books and audiobooks combined ($3.6 billion).

Deforestation is a critical environmental issue, but its rate varies dramatically across different regions of the world. While some areas have seen an alarming acceleration in forest loss, others have managed to slow or even reverse the trend through conservation and reforestation efforts. Data from the last decade illustrates this regional disparity, with South America and Africa experiencing the most significant net loss of forest area. **Average Annual Net Change in Forest Area (2010-2020, in million hectares)** (A bar chart shows the following values) - South America: -2.6 - Africa: -3.9 - North & Central America: +0.05 - Europe: +0.3 - Asia: +1.2 Which choice best uses data from the chart to support the text's claim?

Answer: While Africa and South America experienced significant net losses in forest area (-3.9 and -2.6 million hectares annually, respectively), Asia experienced a net gain of 1.2 million hectares annually.

This choice directly supports the text's claim about regional disparity by contrasting the two regions with the largest forest loss (Africa and South America) with the region showing the largest gain (Asia). This stark contrast effectively illustrates the main point.

The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has changed over geological time. Today, it is primarily composed of nitrogen and oxygen, which are essential for life as we know it. However, other gases, often referred to as trace gases, are present in much smaller quantities. Despite their low concentrations, some of these trace gases, like argon and carbon dioxide, play crucial roles in planetary processes. **Composition of Earth's Atmosphere (Dry Air)** (A pie chart shows the following percentages) - Nitrogen (N₂): 78.08% - Oxygen (O₂): 20.95% - Argon (Ar): 0.93% - Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): 0.04% - Other Gases: <0.01% Which choice most effectively uses data from the chart to describe the composition of Earth's atmosphere?

Answer: Nitrogen and oxygen together constitute approximately 99% of the atmosphere, with argon being the next most abundant gas at just under 1%.

This option accurately reflects the data by combining the two most abundant gases (Nitrogen and Oxygen) to show they make up the vast majority of the atmosphere. It then correctly identifies Argon and Carbon Dioxide as the next most common, but at much lower concentrations, supporting the text's description.