Research Methods and Statistics Flashcards
6 cards from real APA practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.
Read the first 6 Research Methods and Statistics flashcards as text
Which research design allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables?
Answer: True experiment
True experiments use random assignment and manipulation of an independent variable, which is the only design that allows causal conclusions.
In APA-style reporting, what does a p-value of .03 indicate?
Answer: There is a 3% probability the results occurred by chance if H₀ is true
A p-value of .03 means there is a 3% probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as observed if the null hypothesis were true.
Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme outliers?
Answer: Mean
The mean uses every data point in its calculation, so extreme outliers can substantially pull it in their direction.
What is the purpose of a double-blind procedure in experimental research?
Answer: To reduce demand characteristics and experimenter bias
In a double-blind study, neither participants nor researchers who interact with them know group assignments, reducing bias from both sides.
According to APA guidelines, which correlation coefficient magnitude is typically considered 'large'?
Answer: .70 or above
Cohen's conventions define a large correlation as r ≥ .50, with many researchers treating .70+ as clearly large.
What is 'informed consent' as required by APA ethical standards?
Answer: Voluntary agreement to participate after being told about the study's nature and risks
Informed consent requires that participants voluntarily agree to participate after being provided adequate information about the study's purpose, procedures, and risks.