Chemistry: Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry Flashcards
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Read the first 7 Chemistry: Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry flashcards as text
Which process always has a positive ΔS for the system?
Answer: Sublimation of solid CO₂
Sublimation goes from solid to gas, greatly increasing disorder and entropy.
For an exothermic reaction with a decrease in entropy, the reaction is spontaneous at what temperatures?
Answer: Low temperatures
When ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0, ΔG is negative only at low temperatures.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Answer: Energy is conserved
The first law states energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted.
The internal energy change ΔU equals which expression?
Answer: q + w
ΔU = q + w, where heat added and work done on the system increase internal energy.
A reaction has ΔH = +50 kJ and ΔS = +150 J/K. At what approximate temperature does it become spontaneous?
Answer: Above 333 K
Setting ΔG = 0, T = ΔH/ΔS = 50000/150 ≈ 333 K, spontaneous above this.
What does a calorimeter measure?
Answer: Heat transferred in a process
A calorimeter measures the heat absorbed or released during a physical or chemical process.
Bond breaking is what type of process energetically?
Answer: Endothermic
Breaking bonds requires energy input, making it endothermic.