Anatomy & Physiology Fundamentals Flashcards

Which proprioceptive receptor is primarily responsible for detecting changes in muscle length and triggering the stretch reflex?

Answer: Muscle spindle

Muscle spindles are intrafusal fibers sensitive to muscle length changes and initiate the monosynaptic stretch reflex arc.

In Applied Kinesiology, the neurolymphatic reflex points associated with the pectoralis major clavicular muscle are located on which structure?

Answer: Sternum

Chapman's neurolymphatic reflex points for the pectoralis major clavicular are found on the sternum and are used to evaluate stomach function.

The Golgi tendon organ (GTO) responds primarily to:

Answer: Tension developed during active contraction

GTOs are located at the musculotendinous junction and fire in response to muscle tension, particularly during active contraction, triggering autogenic inhibition.

Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

Answer: CN XI (Accessory)

The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) provides motor innervation to both the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles.

In AK muscle testing, a facilitated muscle that tests strong is most consistent with which finding?

Answer: Hypertonicity or over-facilitation of that muscle

A facilitated (hypertonic) muscle tests strong but represents an abnormal neurological state of over-excitability that can accompany dysfunction.

The anterior deltoid muscle is primarily innervated by which nerve?

Answer: Axillary nerve

The axillary nerve (C5–C6) innervates all three heads of the deltoid as well as the teres minor.

Which fascial layer directly invests individual muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle?

Answer: Endomysium

The endomysium is the innermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber (cell).