OTEE International Relations 2 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which UN Security Council resolution authorized the use of force to expel Iraq from Kuwait in 1991?
- Resolution 678 (Correct answer)
- Resolution 660
- Resolution 687
- Resolution 1441
Correct answer: Resolution 678
UN Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) authorized member states to use 'all necessary means' to enforce Resolution 660 and restore international peace, forming the legal basis for Operation Desert Storm.
Question 2: The principle of 'Responsibility to Protect' (R2P) was formally adopted by the UN at which summit?
- 2005 World Summit (Correct answer)
- 1999 Kosovo Conference
- 2003 Iraq War Authorization
- 2011 Libya Intervention
Correct answer: 2005 World Summit
R2P was unanimously adopted at the 2005 UN World Summit, establishing that sovereignty entails responsibility and the international community may intervene when states fail to protect their populations from mass atrocities.
Question 3: What term describes a situation where two nuclear-armed states are deterred from direct conflict due to mutually assured destruction?
- Deterrence stability (Correct answer)
- Brinkmanship
- Compellence
- Security dilemma
Correct answer: Deterrence stability
Deterrence stability describes the condition where both sides refrain from initiating nuclear conflict because each knows retaliation would result in their own annihilation.
Question 4: The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) recognizes how many states as legitimate nuclear-weapon states?
- 5 (Correct answer)
- 7
- 9
- 3
Correct answer: 5
The NPT recognizes five nuclear-weapon states: the US, Russia, UK, France, and China — those that had detonated a nuclear device before January 1, 1967.
Question 5: Which international organization serves as the primary forum for security dialogue among North Atlantic nations?
- NATO (Correct answer)
- OSCE
- EU
- WEU
Correct answer: NATO
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is the primary collective defense alliance for North Atlantic nations, founded in 1949 under the Washington Treaty.
Question 6: What is the term for a foreign policy approach that uses military, economic, and diplomatic tools short of armed conflict to coerce adversaries?
- Gray zone operations (Correct answer)
- Compellent diplomacy
- Coercive deterrence
- Strategic posturing
Correct answer: Gray zone operations
Gray zone operations refer to activities between routine statecraft and open warfare, including cyberattacks, disinformation, proxy forces, and economic coercion.
Question 7: The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) is historically significant in international relations primarily because it established which concept?
- State sovereignty and non-interference (Correct answer)
- Freedom of the seas
- Collective security
- Democratic peace theory
Correct answer: State sovereignty and non-interference
The Peace of Westphalia established the modern concept of state sovereignty, recognizing the rights of rulers over their territories and marking the beginning of the modern international state system.
OTEE International Relations 2
Which UN Security Council resolution authorized the use of force to expel Iraq from Kuwait in 1991?