PNCB Pharmacology & Medication Administration — Questions and Answers
Question 1: What is the best site for administering an intramuscular injection in infants under 12 months?
- Deltoid
- Gluteus maximus
- Vastus lateralis (Correct answer)
- Rectus abdominis
Correct answer: Vastus lateralis
The vastus lateralis muscle, located in the anterolateral thigh, is the preferred site for intramuscular injections in infants under 12 months. This site is chosen because it is large and well-developed, providing sufficient muscle mass for medication absorption. It also avoids major nerves and blood vessels, making it a safer option compared to other sites like the gluteus maximus.
Question 2: Why are pediatric medication doses typically calculated based on body weight?
- To simplify drug administration
- Because children absorb drugs more slowly
- To ensure accurate dosing based on body size (Correct answer)
- To follow adult protocols
Correct answer: To ensure accurate dosing based on body size
Children's bodies differ significantly from adults in terms of metabolism, organ function, and body composition. Calculating medication doses based on body weight ensures that the child receives an appropriate and safe amount of medication. This individualized approach minimizes the risk of underdosing (ineffective treatment) or overdosing (toxicity), accounting for their smaller size and developing systems.
Question 3: Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for pediatric fever and pain?
- Ibuprofen
- Aspirin
- Acetaminophen (Correct answer)
- Morphine
Correct answer: Acetaminophen
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is a widely recommended and safe medication for reducing fever and alleviating mild to moderate pain in pediatric patients. It is available over-the-counter and is generally well-tolerated when administered at appropriate doses. Aspirin is typically avoided in children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome.
Question 4: What is the correct nursing action if a child vomits immediately after taking an oral medication?
- Repeat the dose immediately
- Wait and give double dose later
- Call the physician before repeating the dose (Correct answer)
- Skip the dose
Correct answer: Call the physician before repeating the dose
If a child vomits immediately after taking an oral medication, it is crucial to call the physician before repeating the dose. Repeating the dose without medical advice could lead to an overdose if some of the medication was absorbed or if the physician decides a different approach is needed. The physician can assess the situation and provide specific instructions.
Question 5: Which route is commonly used for emergency administration of epinephrine in children with anaphylaxis?
- Oral
- Subcutaneous
- Intramuscular (Correct answer)
- Intravenous
Correct answer: Intramuscular
Intramuscular (IM) injection is the preferred route for emergency administration of epinephrine in children experiencing anaphylaxis. This route allows for rapid absorption of the medication into the bloodstream, which is critical for quickly counteracting the severe allergic reaction. Auto-injectors are designed for easy and effective IM delivery.
Question 6: Why should aspirin generally be avoided in children?
- It causes nausea
- It leads to high blood pressure
- It can cause Reye’s syndrome (Correct answer)
- It is less effective than other drugs
Correct answer: It can cause Reye’s syndrome
Aspirin should generally be avoided in children, especially during viral illnesses like influenza or chickenpox, due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome. Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious condition that can cause swelling in the liver and brain, leading to severe complications or even death. Other antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen are safer alternatives for fever and pain in children.
PNCB Pharmacology & Medication Administration
What is the best site for administering an intramuscular injection in infants under 12 months?