CIT Study Guide 2026

Standard drip emitters flow at 0.5–2 gallons per hour (GPH), delivering water very slowly to minimize runoff and maximize absorption.

A master valve is installed on the mainline and is controlled by the controller's master valve circuit. It opens only when the controller activates a zone, ensuring that no water flows through the mainline when the system is idle, preventing waste from leaks or broken pipes.

Pressure testing before backfilling allows the installer to visually inspect every fitting, joint, and glued connection for leaks while they are still exposed and accessible, avoiding costly excavation if a failure is found after the trench is covered.

Dry spots despite sufficient run time usually result from poor DU caused by improper head spacing or worn nozzles leaving low-coverage areas under-irrigated.

Heat-related illness is a serious risk for outdoor irrigation workers. Prevention includes drinking water before feeling thirsty (16-32 oz per hour), taking regular shade breaks (per OSHA guidelines), wearing light-colored loose clothing, gradually acclimatizing to heat, and watching for symptoms in yourself and coworkers.

A sprinkler head that doesn't retract properly usually has dirt or debris between the riser and the body, or the internal spring that forces the riser down has weakened or broken. Cleaning the head and replacing the spring (or the entire head) resolves the issue.