CES Human Anatomy & Biomechanics 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which spinal region is most commonly affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders in office workers?
- Cervical
- Lumbar (Correct answer)
- Thoracic
- Sacral
Correct answer: Lumbar
The lumbar spine bears the most compressive load during prolonged sitting, making it the most common site of work-related back pain.
Question 2: What is the name of the fibrocartilaginous discs located between vertebral bodies?
- Menisci
- Bursae
- Intervertebral discs (Correct answer)
- Synchondroses
Correct answer: Intervertebral discs
Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers between vertebral bodies and can herniate under excessive compressive or shear forces.
Question 3: The carpal tunnel is formed by the carpal bones and which ligament?
- Radial collateral ligament
- Ulnar collateral ligament
- Transverse carpal ligament (Correct answer)
- Palmar radiocarpal ligament
Correct answer: Transverse carpal ligament
The transverse carpal ligament (flexor retinaculum) forms the roof of the carpal tunnel through which the median nerve and flexor tendons pass.
Question 4: Which muscle group is primarily responsible for maintaining upright posture of the spine?
- Rectus abdominis
- Erector spinae (Correct answer)
- Iliopsoas
- Quadratus lumborum
Correct answer: Erector spinae
The erector spinae muscle group runs along the spine and provides the primary extensor force needed to maintain upright posture.
Question 5: What term describes the force per unit area applied to a tissue?
- Strain
- Stress (Correct answer)
- Torque
- Moment
Correct answer: Stress
Mechanical stress is defined as force divided by cross-sectional area and is a key factor in tissue injury thresholds.
Question 6: Tendons connect which two types of structures?
- Bone to bone
- Muscle to bone (Correct answer)
- Muscle to muscle
- Ligament to bone
Correct answer: Muscle to bone
Tendons are dense connective tissue structures that transmit the contractile force of muscle to bone to produce movement.
CES Human Anatomy & Biomechanics 1
Which spinal region is most commonly affected by work-related musculoskeletal disorders in office workers?