CES CES Anatomy and Biomechanics 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which muscle is considered the primary hip flexor and is commonly overactive in individuals with an anterior pelvic tilt?
- Rectus femoris
- Iliopsoas (Correct answer)
- TFL
- Sartorius
Correct answer: Iliopsoas
The iliopsoas is the primary hip flexor and frequently becomes overactive, contributing to anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis.
Question 2: What term describes the relationship between opposing muscle groups where one becomes overactive and its antagonist becomes underactive?
- Synergistic dominance
- Altered reciprocal inhibition (Correct answer)
- Neuromuscular efficiency
- Force-couple imbalance
Correct answer: Altered reciprocal inhibition
Altered reciprocal inhibition occurs when an overactive agonist neurologically inhibits its antagonist, reducing its activation and force output.
Question 3: The glenohumeral joint is classified as which type of synovial joint?
- Hinge joint
- Condyloid joint
- Ball-and-socket joint (Correct answer)
- Saddle joint
Correct answer: Ball-and-socket joint
The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket joint, allowing the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body.
Question 4: Which connective tissue structure connects muscle to bone and transmits force produced by muscle contraction?
- Ligament
- Fascia
- Tendon (Correct answer)
- Cartilage
Correct answer: Tendon
Tendons are dense connective tissue structures that transmit muscular force to bone, enabling joint movement.
Question 5: What is the primary role of the rotator cuff muscles at the glenohumeral joint?
- Prime movers for shoulder abduction
- Dynamic stabilizers keeping the humeral head centered (Correct answer)
- Scapular retractors
- Shoulder external rotators only
Correct answer: Dynamic stabilizers keeping the humeral head centered
The rotator cuff muscles (SITS) function primarily as dynamic stabilizers, compressing the humeral head into the glenoid fossa during movement.
Question 6: The thoracolumbar fascia plays an important role in spinal stability by acting as a link between which muscle groups?
- Quadriceps and hamstrings
- Latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus (Correct answer)
- Pectorals and trapezius
- Hip flexors and spinal erectors
Correct answer: Latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus
The thoracolumbar fascia connects the latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus, forming a cross-body force-transfer mechanism critical for spinal stability.
CES CES Anatomy and Biomechanics 1
Which muscle is considered the primary hip flexor and is commonly overactive in individuals with an anterior pelvic tilt?