ATDH Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which type of tissue lines the inner surfaces of blood vessels and the heart?
- Epithelial tissue (Correct answer)
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
Correct answer: Epithelial tissue
Simple squamous epithelial tissue, called endothelium, lines the interior of blood vessels and the heart.
Question 2: The axial skeleton includes which of the following structures?
- Femur and tibia
- Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (Correct answer)
- Humerus and radius
- Pelvis and clavicle
Correct answer: Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs, forming the central axis of the body.
Question 3: Which organ system is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature, fluid balance, and protection against pathogens?
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- Integumentary system (Correct answer)
- Urinary system
Correct answer: Integumentary system
The integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, glands) regulates body temperature, prevents water loss, and acts as the first line of defense.
Question 4: A sarcomere is the basic functional unit of which type of tissue?
- Cardiac and skeletal muscle (Correct answer)
- Smooth muscle only
- Nervous tissue
- Connective tissue
Correct answer: Cardiac and skeletal muscle
Sarcomeres are repeating contractile units found in striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle fibers, bounded by Z-lines.
Question 5: The term 'distal' in anatomical directional terminology means:
- Closer to the midline of the body
- Farther from the point of attachment or origin (Correct answer)
- Toward the front of the body
- Below another structure
Correct answer: Farther from the point of attachment or origin
Distal refers to a position farther from the point of attachment or origin of a limb, opposite of proximal.
Question 6: Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell' because it produces ATP through cellular respiration?
- Ribosome
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria (Correct answer)
- Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct answer: Mitochondria
Mitochondria carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce the majority of ATP used by the cell.
ATDH Anatomy and Physiology Fundamentals 1
Which type of tissue lines the inner surfaces of blood vessels and the heart?